Medical and Hemato-oncology

Head and neck cancers develop in areas such as the mouth, tongue, throat, voice box, and other nearby structures.

Tobacco use, smoking, alcohol consumption, and certain viral infections can increase the risk. Early symptoms may include a persistent mouth ulcer, difficulty swallowing, voice changes, or a lump in the neck.

Breast cancer develops when cells in the breast grow abnormally and form a tumour.

It can affect both women and men, although it is much more common in women. Early detection through awareness, timely medical evaluation, and appropriate screening can improve treatment outcomes.

Lung cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lungs and may spread to other parts of the body.

Smoking is a major risk factor, although lung cancer can also occur in people who have never smoked. Persistent cough, coughing up blood, breathlessness, chest pain, or unexplained weight loss should be medically evaluated.

Liver cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the liver, an organ that helps digest food, process nutrients, and remove harmful substances from the blood.

Chronic hepatitis B or C infection, liver cirrhosis, and certain metabolic liver diseases can increase the risk. Early diagnosis and individualised treatment planning are important for better outcomes.

Intestinal and stomach cancers develop when abnormal cells grow in the digestive tract, including the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine (colon and rectum).

Symptoms may include persistent abdominal discomfort, changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, unexplained anaemia, or weight loss. Early evaluation of persistent symptoms and appropriate screening can help detect these cancers at an earlier stage.

Kidney cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in one or both kidneys, which help filter waste and excess fluid from the blood.

Some people have no symptoms in the early stages, while others may notice blood in the urine, persistent pain in the side or back, or an abdominal lump. Early diagnosis allows timely assessment and appropriate treatment.

Bladder cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the lining of the urinary bladder, the organ that stores urine.

Blood in the urine, even without pain, is an important warning sign that should never be ignored. Smoking is a major risk factor, and timely evaluation can help identify the disease and guide treatment.

Gynaecological cancers affect the female reproductive organs, including the cervix, uterus, ovaries, vagina, and vulva.

Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, persistent abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, or unusual discharge, depending on the type of cancer. Regular cervical screening, HPV vaccination, awareness of symptoms, and timely medical consultation can help reduce risk or support early diagnosis.

Testicular cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in one or both testicles, which produce sperm and male hormones.

It often affects younger men and may present as a painless lump, swelling, heaviness, or discomfort in the scrotum. Any new testicular lump or change in size should be evaluated promptly by a doctor.

Prostate cancer develops in the prostate gland, a small gland in men that helps produce seminal fluid.

The risk increases with age, and early prostate cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. Urinary difficulties, blood in the urine, or persistent bone pain require medical evaluation, while screening decisions should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Bone cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the bone, while some cancers affecting bones have spread from other organs.

Symptoms may include persistent bone pain, swelling, or a lump, sometimes accompanied by a fracture after a minor injury. Prompt evaluation of persistent or unexplained symptoms helps establish the diagnosis and determine the most appropriate treatment.

Brain tumours develop when abnormal cells grow in or around the brain.

They may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their effects depend on their size, location, and type. Symptoms may include persistent headaches, seizures, vision changes, weakness, or problems with balance and speech; early medical evaluation is important.

Skin and soft tissue cancers develop in the skin or in tissues such as muscles, fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels.

Some skin cancers are associated with excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure, while soft tissue sarcomas can develop in different parts of the body and often have no clear cause. Warning signs may include a changing mole, a non-healing skin lesion, or a growing lump beneath the skin that should be evaluated by a doctor.